Heavy Ion Radiotherapy: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow*
نویسنده
چکیده
At EO Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), clinical trials were conducted (1975-1992) for treating human cancer using heavy ion beams, in which about 700 patients were treated with helium-ion and about 300 patients with neon-ion beams. Clinical trials at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany used carbon-ion beams to treat about 250 patients (1997-2005). In 1993 the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Chiba, Japan, commissioned its first-in-the-world medicallydedicated Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC), which accelerates heavy ions to an energy of 800 MeV/μ (million electron volts per nucleon). By 2010 more than 5000 patients have been treated using carbon-ion beams at HIMAC. Following its successful clinical operation, several carbon-ion therapy facilities have been, or will be soon, constructed in: Hyogo (commissioned in 2001) and Gunma (2010), Japan; Heidelberg (2009), Marburg (2010) and Kiel (2012), Germany; Pavia (2010), Italy; Lyon (2015), France; Wiener Neustadt (2015), Austria; Shanghai (2015) and Lanzhou, China; and Busan (2016), Korea. Very active clinical research and technology development projects are carried out at these institutions to enhance beam delivery accuracy, such as beam scanning that compensates for organ movements, which will further improve the clinical efficacy of the ion-beam therapy in the future.
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